Dyspareunia is the term for recurrent pain in the genital area or within the pelvis during sexual intercourse. The pain may be sharp or strong; can occur before, during or after sexual intercourse.

What causes it?

Some conditions can cause dyspareunia. For some women, this is a sign of a physical problem. Other women may experience pain as a result of emotional factors.

Common physical causes include:

- vaginal dryness from menopause, childbirth, breastfeeding, medication
- skin disorders that cause ulcers, cracks, itching or burning
- infections, such as yeast or urinary tract infections
- injury or birth trauma, an accident , episiotomy, hysterectomy or pelvic surgery
- pain concentrated in the vulva area
- vagina or vaginismus
- endometriosis
- pelvic inflammatory disease - uterine
problems
- radiation and chemotherapy

Factors that reduce sexual desire or affect a person’s ability to wake up also affect. These factors include:

- stress, which can result in tight pelvic floor muscles
- fear, guilt, or shame related to sex
- problems with self and body image
- medications such as birth control pills
- relationship problems
- condition such as cancer, arthritis, diabetes and thyroid disease
- history of sexual abuse or rape

Symptoms

The pain can change. It can happen in:

- vagina, urethra, bladder
- during penetration
- during or after intercourse
- deep in the pelvis during intercourse
- only with partners or specific circumstances
- along with burning or itching 
- with stabbing pain, similar to menstrual cramps

Who is at risk?

Both women and men can experience dyspareunia, but the condition is more common in women and is one of the most common problems of postmenopausal women.

If you experience such pain, you should consult your doctor to find the right treatment. Sexual alternatives can be helpful until the problem is addressed. You and your partner can use other intimacy techniques until penetration is more comfortable. Sensual massage, kissing, oral sex and mutual masturbation can be satisfying alternatives.

Sources: Healthline, Women's Health